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JLPT N1 Academia & Logic Vocabulary (2026)

Complete JLPT N1 Academia & Logic vocabulary with readings and example sentences (67 words).

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This category collects 67 words from the register of academic writing and logical argumentation — the vocabulary that dominates N1's critical-essay reading passages and the kind of formal argument-building or refuting found in research writing. Unlike everyday N1 vocabulary, most of these words cluster around a small number of recurring kanji (論, 証, 性, 的), so learning them as a group pays off faster than learning them one at a time.

This article is part of our JLPT N1 Complete Vocabulary Guide. Practice all 67 words with the Academia & Logic Vocabulary deck in Onigiri Anki.

Formal Logic & Inference (12)

Covers the core apparatus of formal reasoning — induction and deduction in their noun, method (法), and adjectival (的) forms, plus axioms and the necessary/sufficient condition distinction — vocabulary that appears whenever an N1 reading passage lays out or critiques a chain of reasoning.

induction帰納kinou

彼は事実を並べて帰納的に結論を導いた。 — He drew a conclusion inductively by lining up the facts.

deduction演繹eneki

彼の演繹は筋が通っていた。 — His deduction was logically sound.

deductive method演繹法enekihou

授業で演繹法を学んだ。 — In class, we learned the deductive method.

inductive method帰納法kinouhou

彼女は帰納法で仮説を立てた。 — She used the inductive method to form a hypothesis.

axiom公理kouri

この定理は一つの公理に基づいている。 — This theorem is based on one axiom.

probability蓋然性gaizensei

彼が今日来る蓋然性は高い。 — There is a high probability that he will come today.

necessary condition必要条件hitsuyoujouken

この本を理解するには、漢字が読めることが必要条件だ。 — An ability to read kanji is a necessary condition for understanding this book.

sufficient condition十分条件juubunjouken

毎日勉強することは、日本語が上達するための十分条件とは言えないが、大きな助けになる。 — Studying every day cannot be called a sufficient condition for improving your Japanese, but it is a great help.

inductive帰納的kinouteki

研究者は、いくつかの例から帰納的に結論を出した。 — The researcher drew an inductive conclusion from several examples.

deductive演繹的enekiteki

弁護士は事実から演繹的に結論を導いた。 — The lawyer deduced a conclusion from the facts.

logic論理学ronrigaku

彼は大学で論理学を学んだ。 — He studied logic in college.

logical form論理形式ronrikeishiki

その報告書は議論の論理形式を丁寧に説明している。 — The report carefully explains the logical form of the argument.

Proof, Evidence & Refutation (11)

Groups the vocabulary of building or attacking a claim — proving (立証, 論証), disproving (反証, 反駁), and the varieties of supporting evidence (傍証, 裏づけ, 実証的) — which N1 passages use to signal whether an argument holds up.

disproof; counterevidence反証hanshou

その主張を覆すには、反証が必要だ。 — To overturn that claim, counterevidence is necessary.

substantiation; proof立証risshou

その報告書は彼の関与を立証する証拠となった。 — The report became evidence that substantiated his involvement.

argumentation; proof論証ronshou

彼は自分の見解を支える論証を示した。 — He presented an argument that supported his view.

hypothesis testing仮説検証kasetsukenshou

仮説検証を重ねて、結果を確かめた。 — We repeatedly tested the hypothesis and verified the results.

burden of proof証明責任shoumeisekinin

証明責任は主張した側にある。 — The burden of proof is on the claimant.

verifiable検証可能kenshoukanou

検証可能な仮説のほうが説得力がある。 — A verifiable hypothesis is more persuasive.

refutation反駁hanbaku

彼の主張は強い反駁を受けた。 — His claim was met with a strong refutation.

careful examination精査seisa

私たちはその報告書を精査します。 — We will carefully examine the report.

substantiation; backing裏づけurazuke

そのデータは彼の理論の裏づけとなった。 — That data became backing for his theory.

circumstantial evidence傍証boushou

その証言は傍証となった。 — The testimony became circumstantial evidence.

empirical; evidence-based実証的jisshouteki

その研究は実証的な方法に基づいて行われた。 — The research was conducted based on empirical methods.

Research Method & Scholarly Apparatus (13)

Covers the mechanics of academic research itself: peer review, reproducibility, sampling and variables, and the citation practices (引用, 出典, 参照, 先行研究) that N1 passages assume readers already recognize.

peer review査読sadoku

その論文は査読で大きな問題がなかった。 — The paper had no major problems in peer review.

reproducibility再現性saigensei

この実験は再現性を高める必要がある。 — This experiment needs to be made more reproducible.

reliability信頼性shinraisei

このシステムは信頼性が高い。 — This system is highly reliable.

variable変数hensuu

この変数を変えると、結果も変わる。 — If we change this variable, the result will also change.

control統制tousei

政府は病気の広がりを統制しようとしている。 — The government is trying to control the spread of the disease.

sample標本hyouhon

私たちは分析のためにデータから標本を選んだ。 — We selected a sample from the data for analysis.

naming命名meimei

その商品の命名は、宣伝部が決めた。 — The product's naming was decided by the advertising department.

cross-checking照合shougou

報告書を送る前に、数字を照合してください。 — Please cross-check the numbers before sending the report.

reference参照sanshou

詳しくは十二ページを参照してください。 — Please refer to page 12 for details.

quotation; citation引用inyou

彼はスピーチで有名な作家を引用した。 — He quoted a famous writer in his speech.

source出典shutten

そのデータを使う前に、出典を確認した。 — I checked the source of the data before using it.

previous research先行研究senkoukenkyuu

この研究は先行研究を土台にしています。 — This study is based on previous research.

research history研究史kenkyuushi

始める前に研究史を調べました。 — I looked into the history of the field before starting.

Conceptual Operations & Abstraction (10)

Covers the verbs and qualities of intellectual processing — turning particulars into systems, types, and concepts (体系化, 類型化, 概念化) and moving between abstract and concrete (抽象化, 具象化) — the operations a writer performs when building a theoretical framework (理論的枠組み).

methodology方法論houhouron

研究方法論について議論する必要があります。 — We need to discuss the research methodology.

objectivity客観性kyakkansei

彼は客観性を意識して報告書を書いた。 — He tried to write the report with objectivity.

subjectivity主観性shukansei

彼女の意見には主観性が強い。 — Her opinion is highly subjective.

systematization体系化taikeika

先生はノートを体系化して見直しやすくした。 — The teacher systematized the notes for easier review.

typologization類型化ruikeika

研究者は結果を三つの型に類型化した。 — The researcher typologized the results into three groups.

conceptualization概念化gainenka

その説明で問題を概念化できた。 — I was able to conceptualize the problem through that explanation.

abstraction抽象化chuushouka

細部から本質を抽象化する必要がある。 — It is necessary to abstract the essence from the details.

concretization具象化gushouka

その考えは議論を通じて具象化された。 — That idea was concretized through discussion.

causal relation因果関係inkakankei

因果関係を慎重に調べる必要がある。 — We need to examine the causal relation carefully.

theoretical framework理論的枠組みrirontekiwakugumi

データを論じるには、理論的枠組みが必要だ。 — A theoretical framework is necessary for discussing the data.

Scholarly Debate & Discourse (10)

Covers the vocabulary of contested claims — the orthodox view versus the alternative (通説 vs 異説), plus the words for arguing, disputing, and calling out bad-faith reasoning (詭弁) — essential for N1 passages that stage a debate between positions.

orthodox view通説tsuusetsu

その問題では通説が今も強いです。 — The orthodox view on the issue still prevails.

alternative view異説isetsu

その点については異説を唱える学者もいます。 — Some scholars propose an alternative view on that point.

established theory定説teisetsu

その説明は定説として広く受け入れられている。 — That explanation is widely accepted as an established theory.

counterargument反論hanron

彼の主張に反論できなかった。 — I couldn't counter his claim.

controversy; dispute論争ronsou

その計画をめぐる論争はまだ続いている。 — The controversy over the plan is still continuing.

debate討論touron

私たちは環境問題について討論した。 — We debated the environmental issue.

argument; discussion議論giron

私たちはその提案について議論した。 — We discussed the proposal.

sophistry; specious argument詭弁kiben

その言い訳は詭弁にすぎない。 — That excuse is nothing but sophistry.

discourse; statement言説gensetsu

彼の言説は説得力がある。 — His discourse is persuasive.

raising an issue; proposing提起teiki

彼女は会議でその問題を提起した。 — She raised the issue at the meeting.

Rigor, Clarity & Coherence (11)

Groups the adjectives and set phrases used to praise or criticize how an argument is constructed — lucid (明晰), rigorous (厳密), internally consistent (首尾一貫, 整合的) — the evaluative vocabulary N1 passages use to judge other people's reasoning.

orderly整然seizen

書類は机の上に整然と並んでいた。 — The files were arranged neatly on the desk.

lucid明晰meiseki

彼女の説明は明晰でわかりやすかった。 — Her explanation was lucid and easy to understand.

precise; elaborate精緻seichi

その仕組みは精緻に設計されている。 — The mechanism is elaborately designed.

thorough周到shuutou

彼は旅行前に周到な計画を立てた。 — He made a thorough plan before traveling.

rigorous; exact厳密genmitsu

その規則は厳密に解釈しなければならない。 — The rules must be interpreted rigorously.

logical development論理展開ronritenkai

彼の論理展開は追いやすかった。 — His logical development was easy to follow.

logical consistency論理的一貫性ronritekiikkansei

彼の説明には論理的一貫性がなかった。 — His explanation lacked logical consistency.

consistent首尾一貫shubiikkan

彼女の答えは首尾一貫していた。 — Her answers were consistent throughout.

argument development論旨展開ronshitenkai

彼女は論旨展開を整理して、より分かりやすくした。 — She organized the development of her argument and made it easier to follow.

consistent; coherent整合的seigouteki

彼の説明は事実と整合的だ。 — His explanation is consistent with the facts.

precise; exact精密seimitsu

精密な測定が必要だ。 — We need precise measurements.

The 証 Cluster: Six Ways to Prove Something

This list contains an unusually dense cluster of near-synonyms built on 証 ("evidence, proof"): 立証 (establishing proof, often in a formal or argumentative sense), 論証 (proving through a chain of logical reasoning), 実証的 (demonstrating empirically, through data or experiment), 検証可能 (able to be tested or verified), 反証 (evidence that disproves a claim), and 傍証 (indirect, corroborating evidence that supports without clinching a case). N1 reading passages frequently swap between these terms within a single paragraph, and mixing up 立証 with 論証 or 実証 is a common source of lost points on the exam. 証明責任 ("burden of proof") names the obligation to supply whichever of these forms of proof the argument actually requires.

Frequently Asked Questions

What's the difference between 帰納 and 演繹, and why do both appear in so many forms?

帰納 (induction) reasons from specific observations toward a general rule, while 演繹 (deduction) reasons from a general rule toward a specific conclusion — the two basic directions of logical argument. Both appear as plain nouns (帰納, 演繹), as named methods (帰納法, 演繹法), and as na-adjectives (帰納的, 演繹的), so learning the root pair once lets you recognize all three forms on sight.

Why do so many words in this list end in 性, and what does that suffix mean?

性 converts a quality into an abstract noun, roughly like English "-ity": 再現性 (reproducibility), 信頼性 (reliability), 客観性 (objectivity), 主観性 (subjectivity), and 蓋然性 (probability) are all built this way. Recognizing the pattern lets you infer the meaning of an unfamiliar 〜性 word from its root even before checking a dictionary.

Practice All 67 Academia & Logic Vocabulary Words

Import the Academia & Logic Vocabulary deck into Onigiri Anki and master this category with spaced repetition.