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JLPT N3 Verbs — Change & State: 53 Essential Verbs (2026)

Complete JLPT N3 verbs of change, state, and occurrence with readings and example sentences.

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JLPT N3 change and state verbs cover 53 essential verbs describing transformation, occurrence, and physical/spatial states. This category builds heavily on the transitive/intransitive pattern introduced at N4, extending it with more nuanced verbs of change.

This article is part of our JLPT N3 Complete Vocabulary Guide. Practice all 53 verbs with the N3 Verbs 2 deck in Onigiri Anki.

Increase & Decrease (10)

These verbs describe quantity and size changes — essential for describing trends, growth, and reduction in N3 passages.

to decrease減るheru

人口が減っています。The population is decreasing.

decrease減らすherasu

出費を減らしたいです。I want to decrease my expenses.

increase増やすfuyasu

勉強の時間を増やしたいです。I want to increase my study time.

to stretch / to grow (intransitive)伸びるnobiru

運動のあとで、足がよく伸びます。My legs stretch well after exercise.

to stretch / to extend (transitive)伸ばすnobasu

寝る前に、腕を伸ばしてください。Please stretch your arms before sleeping.

spread広がるhirogaru

そのニュースはすぐに広がりました。The news spread quickly.

expand広げるhirogeru

場所を作るために、机を広げましょう。Let's spread out the table to make space.

swell膨らむfukuramu

食べすぎて、おなかが膨らみました。I ate too much, so my stomach swelled.

raise; lift上げるageru

手を上げてください。Please raise your hand.

remain残るnokoru

あと少し時間が残ります。Only a little time remains.

State Change (10)

Verbs describing transformation between physical states — melting, freezing, burning — common in descriptive N3 text.

appear現れるarawareru

空に虹が現れました。A rainbow appeared in the sky.

happen起こるokoru

道で事故が起こりました。An accident happened on the road.

cause起こすokosu

彼は学校で問題を起こしました。He caused trouble at school.

melt溶けるtokeru

ゆきが太陽で溶けました。The snow melted in the sun.

freeze凍るkooru

きのうの夜、水が凍りました。The water froze last night.

harden固まるkatamaru

スープは冷えると固まります。The soup solidifies when it cools.

rot腐るkusaru

その野菜はそこに置くと腐ります。The vegetables will rot if we leave them there.

to burn燃えるmoeru

紙が火で燃えました。The paper burned in the fire.

to tear (intransitive)破れるyabureru

シャツが破れました。My shirt tore.

cure治すnaosu

この薬は子どもの風邪を治します。This medicine will cure the child's cold.

Position & Space (10)

These verbs describe spatial relationships and changes — overlapping, filling, dividing — useful for precise descriptions.

separate, leave離れるhanareru

友だちと離れています。I am separated from my friend.

overlap重なるkasanaru

この二つの会議は重なっています。These two meetings overlap.

stack, repeat重ねるkasaneru

この本をここに重ねてください。Please stack these books here.

become empty空くaku

会議のあと、部屋が空きました。The room became free after the meeting.

be filled埋まるumaru

体育館はたくさんの人で埋まりました。The gymnasium was filled with many people.

fill埋めるumeru

箱をおもちゃで埋めました。We filled the box with toys.

tilt傾くkatamuku

地震で道が傾きました。The road tilted because of the earthquake.

split; branch off分かれるwakareru

この道はここで分かれます。This road branches here.

divide; separate分けるwakeru

このケーキを四つに分けてください。Please divide this cake into four pieces.

sink沈むshizumu

太陽がゆっくり海に沈みました。The sun slowly sank into the sea.

Occurrence & Communication (10)

Verbs describing events happening and information being conveyed — key for narrative and news-style N3 passages.

be understood通じるtsuujiru

友だちに私の気持ちが通じました。My feelings were understood by my friend.

to be transmitted / to be passed on伝わるtsutawaru

そのいい知らせはすぐ伝わりました。The good news spread quickly.

let pass通すtoosu

窓を通してください。Please let the air through the window.

be reflected映るutsuru

窓に顔が映ります。My face is reflected in the window.

reflect映すutsusu

かがみがわたしの顔を映します。The mirror reflects my face.

differ異なるkotonaru

彼の意見は私のと異なります。His opinion differs from mine.

grow生えるhaeru

犬の耳に毛が生えました。Hair grew on the dog's ears.

to wake up覚めるsameru

私は六時に覚めました。I woke up at six o'clock.

to head toward向かうmukau

駅に向かいました。We headed toward the station.

stop; cease止むyamu

雨が止みました。The rain has stopped.

The Transitive/Intransitive Pattern Continues at N3

N3 extends the N4 transitive/intransitive pattern with more sophisticated pairs: 伸びる/伸ばす (stretch, intransitive/transitive), 広がる/広げる (spread, intransitive/transitive), 分かれる/分ける (divide, intransitive/transitive). Mastering these pairs together — noting which one takes a direct object — is essential for accurate N3 grammar.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between 起こる and 起こす?

起こる (okoru) is intransitive — something happens by itself: 事故が起こりました (an accident happened). 起こす (okosu) is transitive — someone causes something to happen: 彼は問題を起こしました (he caused trouble). This is a classic N3 transitive/intransitive pair.

Why are there so many verbs for physical state change?

N3 reading passages often include descriptive or scientific-style text (weather, cooking, physical processes) that requires precise verbs for melting, freezing, hardening, and similar transformations — vocabulary that wasn't necessary at N4/N5.

Practice All 53 N3 Change & State Verbs

Import the N3 Verbs 2 deck into Onigiri Anki and master transformation vocabulary with spaced repetition.